Finding a Unicorn
Humboldt growers collaborate in a quest to find superior cannabis genetics
Humboldt Seed Co. owner and founder Nat Pennington smells a cannabis flower as part of hte phenotype mega hunt in 2018.
Photo by Thadeus Greenson
It’s a cloudless late September day at the Humboldt Seed Co. near Orleans, which sits tucked above the Klamath River in the eastern-most stretches of Humboldt County. As a small group walks up a hill, past a vegetable garden and a small creek, the farm’s main cannabis cultivation site comes into view, with large plants in full bloom, their colas stretching toward the sky and their pungent scent filling the air.
But this isn’t the typical grow scene. Instead of hundreds and hundreds of identical plants — grown from clones or seedlings designed to produce indistinguishable cannabis flowers of the same strain — virtually no two plants at the site are the same. Instead, the garden is a showcase of cannabis diversity. Tall, spindly plants intermix with short, squat ones. The plants’ foliage varies from deep purples and seaweed greens to almost mossy, fluorescent chartreuse. The buds range in size from footballs to golf balls and their scents cross the spectrum from vibrant fruits and florals to biting odors of cheese and gasoline. Even the plants’ origins are wildly diverse. Some were grown from seeds long tucked away in sock drawers and hidden compartments, or brought back from Jamaica, while others are crosses or modifications of popular strains. It’s a giant, raw cannabis buffet.
The garden, Humboldt Seed Co. owner and founder Nat Pennington explains, is one of the centerpieces in a massive, collaborative effort dubbed the “phenotype mega hunt,” in which Pennington and his cohorts are studying 10,000 different cannabis plants with the aim of finding a few “unicorns.” Indeed, the vast majority of these plants — 99.5 percent — will be crossed off the list and discarded, as the goal of the hunt is to comb through all this genetic variation to find the truly unique, whether it be a flavor profile, unusually high THC and CBD content, robust yields or, ideally, some combination thereof. These 50 or so plants will then be used to clone, breed and — ultimately — create seed stock.
Skyler Palmer, head of cultivation at HendRx Farm, looks on as Humboldt Seed Co. founder Nat Pennington prepares a cannabis sample for testing
Photo by Thadeus Greenson
Joining Pennington in the day’s efforts are Daniel Hendricks and Travis Poe of HendRx Farm, a cannabis clone nursery based in McKinleyville. Each has a three-ring binder filled with scoring sheets, which they will use to grade the plants across a variety of categories on a scale of one to 10. They’ll log the plants’ identification numbers, then judge their scents — both in strength and aromatics — flower colors, vigor, disease resistance and the density of their trichomes, those little crystals found on cannabis flowers that house much of the plants’ cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids (or, as Pennington dumbs it down for a reporter, “the little doohickys that have all the good stuff in them.”)
There’s a glee evident in the air as the judges go about their task. One comes across a Trainwreck plant and remarks on how all of Humboldt County smelled like this not long ago, back when it was the “it” strain everyone was growing.
“That’s so gassy,” Poe remarks, after taking a deep sniff from another plant’s bud, explaining it has that quintessential “diesel” smell.
Hendricks, meanwhile, is sizing up a plant in the next row. His gloved hands gently pull a bud open and he inhales deeply through his nose.
“Wow,” he says. “That’s just got the household cleaner smell. I just want to wash my clothes in it and walk around.”
After a couple hours of smell and eye tests, the trio huddle around a folding table set up in the garden area. On it sits a portable liquid chromatograph that Pennington uses to conduct field potency tests that allow him, within about 15 minutes, to learn the THC and CBD content of a given bud. Each of the three men has brought back a couple of samples from the field, and Pennington sets about meticulously weighing them out, cutting them up and placing them in test tubes with a solvent solution that will then be fed into the machine.
Pennington explains that the phenotype hunt is one leg of the stool — the one that allows cannabis experts to judge the plant based on its observables. The other legs are chemotype and genotype testing, which in turn allow them to see the exact chemical makeup of the plant (ie., just how much of the marketable measurables like THC and CBD content it has) and map its genetics through DNA sequencing.
“When you combine all these things — the phenotype, the chemotype and the genotype — and you see something that comes out wonderful, that’s called a dreamotype … but that’s pretty cheesy,” Pennington says.
The unicorn hunt’s roots stretch deep. Pennington, after all, has a background in fisheries conservation with Klamath Riverkeeper and the Salmon River Restoration Council and was involved in writing the grant that ultimately helped determine through DNA testing that the spring Chinook is a distinct species from its fall-run counterparts. But this incarnation of the hunt seems to have begun in earnest a handful of years ago when Pennington reached out to HendRx farms to make an unusual order. Typically, the nursery serves commercial customers whose orders take a certain uniformity. For example, they need 600 clones of OG Kush or Girl Scout Cookie that they aim to cultivate to bring to market as a single batch. But Pennington wanted something much different.
“Nat called and wanted to order 10 of everything,” Hendricks recalls with a laugh. The pair met in McKinleyville some time later and hit it off.
Pennington, who’s been breeding cannabis since 1999 and launched the Humboldt Seed Co. in 2001, had released a wildly popular strain — Blueberry Muffin — the year before. Pennington had crossed a potent purple strain with The Raz, a strain known for its raspberry flavor, back in 2008 and one of the pairings offspring had the unique phenotype of smelling almost exactly like a blueberry muffin. After coining the name, it took Pennington a couple of years of further breeding work to create the strain and a consistent seed stock that could guarantee someone buying a Blueberry Muffin seed could grow a plant with the desired characteristics. The strain blew up and is now planted worldwide.
And Pennington had the foresight to license the strain, having found an old licensing agreement for Honeycrisp apples and modified it for cannabis, meaning he received — or was due — a small licensing fee for every clone sold from California dispensaries.
When Pennington and Hendricks sat down, Pennington had another creation he was really excited about — Pineapple Upside Down Cake, across between Pineapple Trainwreck and Cookie Monster — that had been the result of another mini phenotype hunt. The trouble was that Pennington only had a single plant with the phenotype profile he wanted and it was struggling.
He ended up handing the plant off to the folks at HendRx, who ultimately turned that one sickly plant into thousands of clones, which have now, in turn, spawned tens of thousands.
“It was beautiful,” Hendricks says. “We were sold out months in advance and watched as it traveled throughout the state and then back to Humboldt.”
Through the success of Pineapple Upside Down Cake and a mutual love of genetics and breeding, a deep partnership was formed between Humboldt Seed Co. and HendRx, with both companies feeling an acute sense of urgency to seize Humboldt County’s place amid the burgeoning recreational cannabis market in California.
Pennington says he received advice some years ago that really stuck with him: “Don’t assume that the holy grail of weed is already here and that you just need to stabilize it,” he recalls. “Get out there, get creative and be an artist.”
The idea stuck and, through the success of his two small-scale phenotype hunts and his collaborations with HendRx Farms and Dark Heart Nursery in the Bay Area, the vision for a massive, collaborative hunt took hold.
“I knew somebody was going to do this and that somebody was going to do it publicly, so it just had to be us,” Pennington says.
Hendricks agrees Humboldt County is the natural home for such an effort.
“What happens here in the cannabis industry echoes out,” he says. “We are the epicenter. We are the Silicon Valley of cannabis. We started businesses in our garages … and we have the deepest population of cannabis genes on the planet. Nat had this vision and it was about seeing all of Humboldt collaborate on a project of historic significance.”
Ultimately, they brought in a host of partners, including Happy Dream Farms, Blessed Coast Farm, Humboldt County Indoors, Kind Peoples, Outliers Collective, South Ridge Farms and others, and everyone brought whatever unique cannabis genetics they had to the table, whether they be unique strain crosses or seeds long tucked away that had come to take on an almost mythic quality. But the partnership also demanded a lot of sacrifice, in both labor and space.
First and foremost, participating farms were agreeing to give up a portion of their cultivation space to grow plants that would likely never make it to market. Due to state testing requirements and market forces, it isn’t practical for a farm to grow 100 different unique plants with the aim of harvesting a saleable product, as each unique plant would have to be tested in a different batch, an expensive process. Further, each of the farms was also agreeing to meticulously track the project plants’ development, tying each to a unique tracking number, and to take cuttings of the plant to be grown in a vegetative state in a controlled nursery, ensuring that any “unicorns” found at the project’s conclusion could be replicated through cloning.
“At the end of the day, it’s a tracking nightmare — it was a self-imposed, track-and-trace nightmare,” Pennington says, adding that the project ultimately tracked not just 10,000 plants, but an equal library of clones as well.
It was shortly after 9 a.m. on a Monday in March and Hendricks had on a white laboratory coat that — coupled with his long, curly hair — gave him more than a hint of mad-scientist vibe. He was scrawling notes on a white board in HendRx Farms’ warehouse, giving a reporter a mini course on plant breeding 101. It was stuff straight out of Intro Biology as he walked through how breeders work to eliminate or isolate certain plant attributes to, say, breed tulips of a certain color or cannabis of a certain potency.
The 2018 phenotype mega hunt was over but its fruits were just hitting market. In an effort to make the hunt worth everyone’s time, they had settled on a tiered roll out. First, HendRx started offering clones — cuttings of a mother plant that are its exact genetic replica — to select local farms, giving both the nursery and the farms a kind of head start in getting what they hoped would be popular strains to market.
“They’ll have exclusive early access to the latest and greatest before the rest of the state,” Pennington says. In the background, Pennington planned to keep doing the much more intensive and prolonged breeding process needed to form a stable seed stock.
Pennington (center) stands with HendRx Farms owner Daniel Hendricks (left) and Palmer as they celebrate the fruits of the 2018 phenotype mega hunt.
Photo by Thadeus Greenson
They were pleased with the results of the hunt, saying it unearthed a number of unicorns — so many, in fact, that they were going to slow roll their releases to market. First up were Vanilla Frosting, The Bling and Magic Melon. A few months later, Pennington would say the slow-roll plan paid dividends. By the time they looked to expand distribution beyond Humboldt County, Vanilla Frosting — a high-yielding, potent variation of the popular Gelato lines — was already the source of industry buzz. When Dark Heart Nursery held a special release event in Los Angeles for the strain — offering a limited supply of clones for $100 a piece — the line stretched down the street and around the corner.
The 2019 Northern California Grow Off — an annual competition prized by growers that sees farms given identical clones and then compete to grow them into the most potent plants — is also featuring some “unique genetics” from the 2018 hunt. As of June, Hendricks says his nursery had also rolled out Carmel Cream, Squirt, Lemon Grass and Inside Out, a strain that “looks like indoor even when grown outdoors,” with additional mega hunt strains slated to be released in the second half of 2019.
Meanwhile, Pennington and his colleagues have already shifted their focus to the 2019 mega hunt, bringing on additional farms and nurseries. But the approach is different this year. In 2018, the focus was on planting as many varietals as possible to find unique genetics — “really special things,” as Pennington puts it — that they could work with in subsequent seasons. So the 2019 hunt is carrying that work forward, taking some of the 2018 unicorns and cross breeding them into new creations. For example, Penningon says he crossed a variation of his Blueberry Muffin with Mother’s Milk, from Bodhi’s Seeds in Santa Cruz, which took silver and gold medals, respectively, at the High Times Cannabis Cup, and has “quite a few of them” planted for this year’s hunt.
“I think it’s OK for me to say we’re not doing as much but we’re really honing in on last year’s winners,” Pennington says. “We’ll still get to at least 3,000 to 4,000 plants.”
Milling about in the HendRx Farms warehouse that day in March, Hendricks and Pennington also talk excitedly about what the future holds for cannabis as it is scientifically mainstreamed and treated like most agricultural products and less like something with seeds that need to be hidden away in sock drawers. Already, Hendricks says, they have DNA testing that can test seedlings for specific attributes — like a susceptibility to powdery mildew or drought resistance — and cull their stock accordingly.
“It gives you the opportunity to learn things about your plant before you actually grow it,” he says, adding that this allows breeders like Pennington to work at hyper speed, freed of the restraints of annual growing cycles.
But what they are most excited about is the sense of collaboration in the air, the fact that a seed company and a clone nursery — direct competitors, in a sense — can work hand in hand, sharing information freely in a quest for superior genetics. And the urgency of the moment isn’t lost on them.
They know that deep-pocketed companies and investors are plunging into the cannabis industry with the power to market specific strains and products, and to produce them on a massive scale.
“There are outfits with actual marketing budgets, as opposed to calling a neighbor you know who can draw a little bit and saying, ‘Hey, can you draw me a logo?’” Pennington says. “But we’re all on the same team. People aren’t at odds. They’re trying to figure out ways to work together.”
A version of this story previously ran in the North Coast Journal, where Thadeus Greenson is the news editor